Does Diacetyl in Vaping Cause Popcorn Lung?

In recent years, e-cigarettes, commonly known as vape pens, disposable vapes, and products found in vape stores, such as Clutch vapes, have gained popularity as an alternative to traditional cigarettes. Despite being touted as "at least 95% less harmful than cigarettes," a shadow of controversy looms over the vaping industry. A specific chemical, Diacetyl, found in e-liquids, e-cigarettes, and prefills, has sparked concerns about its potential link to a severe respiratory condition known as "popcorn lung." 

What is Popcorn Lung?

Popcorn lung, or bronchiolitis obliterans, is a rare lung disease characterized by the scarring of the smallest airways (bronchioles) and damage to the air sacs within the lungs. 

This scarring leads to stiffness in the airways, reducing the lungs' capacity to hold air and impairing oxygen transfer efficiency to the bloodstream.

Why is it Called Popcorn Lung?

The nickname "popcorn lung" originated from its discovery in employees at a microwave popcorn factory in Missouri in 2002. Preventive and Control of Diseases Centers (CDC) identified cases of bronchiolitis obliterans in these workers, particularly those extensively exposed to Diacetyl, a chemical used to impart a buttery flavour to popcorn.

Despite being considered safe by the FDA for ingestion, inhaling diacetyl vapour during the popcorn production process caused severe lung damage.

What Causes Popcorn Lung?

While bronchiolitis obliterans can result from various causes, diketones, specifically Diacetyl, are most often associated with popcorn lung. 

Diacetyl, harmless when ingested, becomes problematic when inhaled. Once inhaled, it inflames and damages lung cells, making them susceptible to infections.

How is Popcorn Lung Diagnosed and Treated?

Diagnosing popcorn lung is challenging due to its similarity to other respiratory diseases, and there is no cure without a lung transplant. Early symptoms, such as shortness of breath, fatigue, nose, mouth, and eye irritation, may be mistaken for common cold or flu symptoms. If detected early, treatment involves steroids and antibiotics, but in severe cases, a lung transplant may be the only viable option.

WHAT IS DIACETYL?

Diacetyl, a clear yellow liquid with a buttery solid smell, is an organic chemical naturally found in fermented products like alcoholic drinks and dairy products like cheese and butter.

It contributes to the distinct buttery flavour of these products. Harmless when ingested, Diacetyl transforms into a potential threat when vaporized. In vaping, Diacetyl is used for its buttery taste and sweet flavour enhancement, making it a common ingredient in artificial food flavourings.

WHAT IS DIACETYL USED FOR?

Diacetyl's application in the food industry revolves around its ability to enhance sweet flavours and impart a buttery taste and aroma.

Commonly used in products like sweets, popcorn, baked goods, beer, and wine, Diacetyl has historically presented no issues when consumed in trace amounts. However, its entry into the realm of vaping introduced new concerns, particularly regarding its safety when inhaled.

DIACETYL AND VAPING

The link between Diacetyl and vaping became a topic of concern following a 2014 US study that revealed the presence of Diacetyl in some e-liquids. The study raised alarms about the potential health risks associated with Diacetyl, especially its connection to popcorn lung.

Notably, regulations in the UK and the EU have prohibited using Diacetyl in e-cigarettes since 2016, ensuring the safety of vaping products in these regions. However, the situation is different in the US, where Diacetyl continues to be used in sweet-flavoured e-cigarettes, raising questions about the industry's adherence to safety standards.

WHAT DOES THE EVIDENCE SAY ABOUT DIACETYL AND VAPING?

While the potential dangers of Diacetyl have been a subject of concern, scientific studies on its effects in the context of e-cigarettes are limited. The CDC's initial survey in 1992 identified popcorn lung but was unrelated to e-cigarettes. The 2014 study by cardiologist Konstantinos Farsalinos found that a significant percentage of tested e-liquids contained Diacetyl. Still, it didn't specify the potential harm or the likelihood of causing popcorn lung.

A 2019 study aimed to address this gap by examining the impact of Diacetyl on human bronchial epithelial cells. The findings indicated showed 2,3-pentanedione and dialetyl were associated with altered gene expression that may have detrimental the production and function of cilia, structures vital for lung health.

SHOULD YOU WORRY ABOUT DIACETYL IN YOUR VAPE?

While the evidence is inconclusive, the studies suggest a potential risk associated with inhaling Diacetyl, mainly when vaporized in large quantities. The strict regulations in the UK and the EU have significantly reduced the likelihood of exposure to Diacetyl in e-cigarettes. However, in regions with less stringent regulations, such as the US, some e-liquids or disposable vapes may still contain this chemical.

For consumers, especially those in the US, it is advisable to be cautious when selecting e-liquids. Choosing reputable brands that adhere to safety standards and explicitly state the absence of harmful chemicals, including Diacetyl, is essential. Opting for fruit flavours rather than those with buttery notes like custard can also minimize potential risks.

Final words 

The evidence linking Diacetyl to popcorn lung is not definitive; the cautious approach taken by regulatory authorities in the UK and the EU reflects a commitment to consumer safety. Awareness and informed choices regarding e-liquid ingredients, along with continued research in this evolving field, will contribute to ensuring the safety of vaping products for consumers worldwide.

FAQs

What chemicals cause popcorn lung?

The primary chemicals associated with popcorn lung are diketones, such as Diacetyl. Exposure to Diacetyl, often used for its buttery flavour, has been linked to the development of bronchiolitis obliterans, colloquially known as popcorn lung.

What is the safest vape for your lungs?

The safest vapes for your lungs adhere to strict regulations and do not contain harmful chemicals. In regions like the UK and the EU, legal e-liquids comply with standards set by the Tobacco Products Directive (TPD), ensuring they are free from substances like Diacetyl. Choosing reputable brands and adhering to recommended usage guidelines promotes lung health.

Which vapes have Diacetyl?

Vapes with Diacetyl are more commonly found in certain regions with less stringent regulations, such as the Canada. Some sweet-flavoured e-cigarettes, especially candy-flavoured ones, may still use Diacetyl as a flavouring chemical. Examining product labels is vital choose e-liquids from reputable brands that explicitly state the absence of Diacetyl for safer vaping.